Unit 7


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Unit 7 Test

Chapters 16, 17, 18

 

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Circle the letter of the response which best answers the question or completes the statement.

  1. Because the area was arid to semiarid and thought to be unfit for Anglo-European civilization, many nineteenth-century Americans called the Far West the:
    1. Trans Mississippi Wasteland.
    2. Intermountain Barrens.
    3. Prairie Wilderness.
    4. Great American Desert.
  1. Indian Territory, to which several eastern Indian tribes including the Cherokees and Creeks were removed, is now the state of:
    1. South Dakota.
    2. Kansas.
    3. Oklahoma.
    4. Wyoming.
  1. Which of the following best represents the "caste system" that prevailed in the American Southwest before the arrival of Anglo-European settlement? (highest status first)
    1. Pueblos, Spanish/Mexicans, Apaches/Navajos.
    2. Apaches. Navajos, Pueblos, Spanish/Mexicans.
    3. Spanish/ Mexicans, Apaches/Navajos.
    4. Spanish/Mexicans, Apaches. Navajos, Pueblos.
  1. What northern Plains Indian nation was the strongest?
    1. Comanche.
    2. Sioux.
    3. Pawnee.
    4. Blackfeet.
  1. The groups of local businessmen and politicians who had Washington connections and who dominated the government of New Mexico and other territories were often called:
    1. "Range bosses."
    2. "Territorial rings."
    3. "Ranch kings."
    4. "Capitol cowboys."

 

 

 

  1. What happened to the californios who dominated California prior to the gold rush of 1849?
    1. Most died due to epidemic diseases brought in by the miners.
    2. The ones who could speak English adapted well and continued to dominate real estate ownership.
    3. Most emigrated back to Mexico or Arizona.
    4. Many lost status and land and were excluded from the prosperity of the statehood period.
  1. Which of the following was not a reason for Anglo-American resentment of Chinese immigrants?
    1. Because they tended to congregate together and maintain Chinese culture.
    2. Because some secret societies ("tongs") engaged in crime.
    3. Because many of the early female Chinese immigrants had been sold into prostitution.
    4. Because the Chinese were perceived as lazy slackers who would not work hard.
  1. Which of the following was not a flaw in the Homestead Act?
    1. One hundred sixty acres was not enough land in the West.
    2. The law did not provide capital for machines and the like.
    3. The land was too costly for most settlers.
  1. Which type of mining came first as new fields opened?
    1. Placer (pan).
    2. Quartz (lode).
    3. Strip (open pit).
    4. Hydraulic (water pressure).
  1. Which of the following states/territories did not experience significant mining development from the 1850s to 1880s?
    1. Nevada.
    2. Colorado.
    3. Kansas.
    4. South Dakota.
    5. Montana.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. The "long drive" in the open-range cattle industry referred to the process of:
    1. Rounding up the cattle from great distances all over the range of branding in the spring.
    2. Moving the cattle south to Texas in the winter and north to Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana in the spring to take advantage of the best pasture.
    3. Using cattle as oxen to pull covered wagons for settlers seeking homesteads in the West.
    4. Herding cattle from the ranges in Texas and other remote areas to the nearest accessible railroad loading point so that the cattle could be shipped to slaughterhouses in the East.
  1. What two groups constituted most of the cowboys in the open range era? ( Mark two letters.)
    1. White Confederate army veterans.
    2. White Union army veterans.
    3. African Americans.
    4. Hispanics.
    5. Chinese.
  1. The historian who influenced many with is paper on " The Significance of the Frontier in American History" was:
    1. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
    2. C. W. McCune.
    3. Albert Bierstadt.
    4. Frederick Jackson Turner.
    5. Charles A. Beard.
  1. The federal government agency bested with management of Indian relations and the reservations was the:
    1. Indian Lands Commission.
    2. Native American Administration.
    3. Office of Assimilation and Concentration.
    4. Bureau of Indian Affairs.
  1. Who were the two principal Indian chiefs who led the forces that massed in the northern plains in 1875-1876 following the Black Hills gold rush? (Mark two letters.)
    1. Black Kettle.
    2. Sitting Bull.
    3. Crazy Horse.
    4. Geronimo.
    5. Red Eagle.

 

 

  1. The purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was to:
    1. Weaken tribes, allot land to individual Indians, and promote assimilation.
    2. Geographically disperse the reservation so it would be more difficult for Indian warrior forces to unite.
    3. Increase tribal loyalty and reduce violence by allowing chiefs and tribal councils to act autonomously on the reservations.
    4. Restore economic viability to the nomadic way of Plains Indian life by revitalizing the bison herds.
  1. Construction of the early transcontinental railroad lines was financed mainly by:
    1. European investors excited about the developing American West.
    2. Wall Street investors with close ties to cattle and mining interests.
    3. Small investor such as farmers and local merchants who wanted to attract rail lines to their communities.
    4. Government subsidies in the form of favorable loans and land grants.
  1. What fencing material revolutionized agriculture on the prairie and plains?
    1. Split rails.
    2. Chain link.
    3. Pickets.
    4. Barbed wire.
  1. By the end of the century, agriculture on the Great Plains was increasingly:
    1. Subsistence in nature.
    2. Commercially oriented.
    3. Truck farming.
    4. Being displaced by industry.
  1. Which of the following are listed in the text as farmers’ three principal grievances? ( Mark three letters.)
    1. High interest charges.
    2. Persistent production shortfalls.
    3. Inequitable currency.
    4. Poor-quality farm machinery produced by American factories.

Chapter 17

 

  1. Three of the following are advantages that the United States enjoyed in its rise to industrial supremacy in the late nineteenth century. Which is the exception?
    1. Favorable government policies.
    2. An abundance of basic raw materials.
    3. A growing labor supply and expanding market.
    4. A high level of basic research in pure science.

 

 

  1. Electricity as a source of light and power was introduced in the:
    1. 1860s.
    2. 1870s.
    3. 1880s.
    4. 1890s.
  1. Both the Bessemer process and the open-hearth process are methods of:
    1. Mining coal.
    2. Producing steel.
    3. Pasteurizing milk.
    4. Refining petroleum.
  1. The term "wildcatter" refers to high-risk entrepreneurs in what industry?
    1. Petroleum.
    2. Steel.
    3. Automobiles.
    4. Railroads.
  1. The term "Taylorism" refers to:
    1. Scientific management in industry.
    2. A revival of pride in craftsmanship.
    3. A movement to organize unskilled labor.
    4. A movement away from mass-produced clothing.
  1. Henry Ford’s main contribution to American industrialism was his:
    1. Invention of the internal combustion engine.
    2. Introduction of structured management organization.
    3. Investment in research and development.
    4. Use of the moving assembly line to achieve mass production.
  1. Andrew Carnegie made his principal fortune in the field of:
    1. Steel.
    2. Banking.
    3. Shipping.
    4. Petroleum.
  1. The legal principle that made investment in corporations attractive and made the growth of huge corporations possible was:
    1. Caveat emptor.
    2. Accelerated depreciation.
    3. Limited liability.
    4. Exemption allowances.

 

 

 

  1. A "vertically integrated" system of production is one in which:
    1. All the employees belong to one big union organized by industry rather than by craft.
    2. Management and labor share equally in the profits through an elaborate sharing arrangement.
    3. Employees of different ethnic origins work together on the assembly line.
    4. A single company controls the entire industrial process from source of raw materials to the final market.
  1. John D. Rockefeller made his principal fortune in the field of:
    1. Steel.
    2. Banking.
    3. Shipping.
    4. Petroleum.
  1. What new type of business organization permitted a small group of capitalists to control the stock of a large number of individual corporations? The term came to refer generally to any huge economic concentration.
    1. Trust.
    2. Cartel.
    3. Monopoly.
    4. Joint-stock company.
  1. "Social Darwinism" was based on what aspect of Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution?
    1. Social Gospel.
    2. Instant creation.
    3. Biblical inerrancy.
    4. Survival of the fittest.
  1. Both Social Darwinism and classical economics agree that:
    1. Humans are descended form lower animals.
    2. Free competition promotes human progress.
    3. The government should ease the lot of the poor.
    4. Government ownership of the majority of the means of productions is desirable.
  1. Which of the following emphasizes most strongly the duty of the rich to do good works for the public.
    1. Socialism.
    2. Social Darwinism.
    3. Classical economics.
    4. The Gospel of Wealth.

 

 

  1. The theme of virtually all of Horatio Alger’s novels was:
    1. the rich get richer; the poor get poorer.
    2. Poor boy makes good by hard work, perseverance, and luck.
    3. Average guy gets wealthy through cunning, guile, and sleazy business practices.
    4. Rich man has conversion and realizes that socialism is the only was to promote an equitable society.
  1. In the late nineteenth century, the American working classes suffered from three of the following conditions. Which is the exception?
    1. Little or no worker’s compensation for injury.
    2. No government health and safety regulations.
    3. Declining standard of living, in both absolute and relative terms.
    4. No job security; layoffs due to seasonal, cyclical, or technological factors.
  1. The immediate cause of the railroad strikes of 1877 was:
    1. A 10 percent cut in wages.
    2. Th infiltration of unions by anarchists.
    3. The refusal of the owners to adopt safety measures.
    4. The refusal of the owners to agree to cost-of-living increases.
  1. A major feature of the program of the American Federation of Labor was its emphasis on:
    1. Political actions to achieve its goals.
    2. Reforming and altering the capitalist system.
    3. Immediate objectives, such as wages, hours, and working conditions.
    4. Mass organization of all laborers-skilled, and agricultural.
  1. The significance of the Haymarket Square incident in 1886 was that:
    1. Unions won their demand for an eight-hour day.
    2. The Americans socialist movement received a great boost.
    3. The use of Pinkerton guards as strikebreakers was outlawed.
    4. It stimulated a hysterical wave of fear of anarchism and its alleged connection with unionism.
  1. The Homestead strike of 1892 and Pullman strike of 1894 were similar in that:
    1. Both involved that American Railway Union.
    2. Federal troops were used to restore order in both.
    3. Both started when management ordered pay cuts for some workers.
    4. Strikers fought Pinkerton guards in violent pitched battles at both locations.

 

 

 

 

Chapter 18
  1. Which of the following population trends occurred in the United States from 1860 to 1910?
    1. Gradual decline of the rural population in absolute numbers.
    2. Shift of the majority of the urban population from central city to suburbs.
    3. Significant shift of the population from the North to the South.
    4. Faster rate of growth for the cities than for the general population.
  1. Because of rapid growth in the latter nineteenth century, American cities:
    1. Protected traditional social and cultural values.
    2. Provided services and facilities inadequate to demands.
    3. Witnessed the flight of factories and corporate offices to newer, less crowded locations.
    4. Supported efficient and honest governments.
  1. American urban population growth from 1860 to 1910 resulted mainly from a(n):
    1. Low rate of infant mortality.
    2. Increasing fertility rate.
    3. Low death rate form disease.
    4. Large influx of new residents.
  1. The large-scale movement of blacks from the rural South to industrial cities began during the latter nineteenth century mainly because of the:
    1. Poverty and oppression of the South.
    2. Prospective professional opportunities in the cities.
    3. Abundance of factory jobs there for blacks.
    4. Absence of racial discrimination in the North.
  1. The new immigrants of the latter nineteenth century settled primarily in eastern industrial cities because they:
    1. Lacked the capitol to buy land and begin farming in the West.
    2. Found immediate employment as unskilled factory workers.
    3. Found refuge and camaraderie among fellow nationals there.
    4. Did all of the above.
  1. The formation of ethnic neighborhoods by immigrants in American cities:
    1. Tended to reinforce the cultural values of their previous societies.
    2. Resulted primarily from discriminatory zoning restrictions.
    3. Prevented their identification with, and advancement in, American society.
    4. Intensified a sense of not belonging to a coherent community.

 

 

 

  1. Nativist reaction against European immigrants of the latter nineteenth century resulted from all of the following factors except the:
    1. Arrival of such vast numbers of immigrants.
    2. Refusal of most immigrants and their children to attempt to assimilate themselves into American culture.
    3. Generalized fears of, and prejudices against, foreigners.
    4. Economic concerns that immigrant workers would threaten the wages and positions of American workers.
  1. The Immigration Restriction League:
    1. Blamed foreigners for all the disorder and corruption of the urban world.
    2. Advocated the screening of immigrants through literacy test.
    3. Adopted crude theories of conspiracy and a stance of rabid xenophobia.
    4. Enlisted the support of President Grover Cleveland for their proposals.
  1. Which of the following groups were excluded from immigration to the United States by laws passed in the 1880s and 1890s? (Mark one or more letters.)
    1. Chinese.
    2. Convicts, paupers, and mental incompetents.
    3. Illiterates.
    4. Irish.
  1. The majority of big-city resident in latter-nineteenth-century America:
    1. Could afford their own houses, thanks to the availability of cheap labor and low building costs.
    2. Took advantage of less expensive land son the edges of the city and settled in suburbs.
    3. Stayed in the city centers and rented living space.
    4. Exacted high standard from urban landlords.
  1. By the 1890s, a million New Yorkers lived in tenements,
    1. Slum dwellings with inadequate light, plumbing, and heat.
    2. Helping relieve and disperse population growth.
    3. Rental buildings designed for single-family residences.
    4. Transformed by state laws into model housing units for the poor.
  1. The most popular form of mass transit for American cities in the latter nineteenth century was the:
    1. Elevated railroad.
    2. Electric trolley.
    3. Cable car.
    4. Subway.

 

 

 

  1. The most famous and notorious city "boss" of the late nineteenth century was:
    1. Louis Sullivan.
    2. Theodore Dreiser.
    3. John A. Roebling.
    4. William M. Tweed.
  1. The political machines of the bosses were able to retain power for all of the following reasons except:
    1. Immigrant voters were more concerned with receiving services than with middle-class standards of political morality.
    2. Some wealthy and influential citizens profited from dealings with the bosses.
    3. City government structure often had structural weaknesses that kept it from meeting citizen needs.
    4. The absence of reform groups to mobilize public outrage against boss rule.
  1. Which of the following was not a trend contributing to the rise of mass consumption in the latter nineteenth century?
    1. The emergence of ready-made clothing as a basis of the American wardrobe.
    2. The breakup of marketing monopolies held by national chain stores.
    3. The development of canned food and refrigerated railroad cars.
    4. The emergence of large department stores and mail order houses.
  1. Vaudeville shows were composed of:
    1. Traveling dramatists who performed Shakespeare and other classic plays in small towns and cities.
    2. A variety of acts including musicians, singers, comedians, magicians, jugglers, dancers, and the like.
    3. A mixture of primitive motion pictures with music by a small live orchestra.
    4. Gypsies and other unsavory characters who used the shows to attract crowds to sell patent medicines and other fraudulent products.
  1. The emergence of national press services in the latter nineteenth century contributed most significantly to:
    1. Increased salaries for reporters.
    2. Standardization of the news.
    3. Separation of news from opinions.
    4. A professional identity for American journalists.

 

 

 

 

 

  1. The theory of evolution:
    1. Supported traditional American beliefs about the nature of man and history.
    2. Met uniform resistance from middle-class Protestant religious leaders.
    3. Gained greater acceptance in rural areas than in urban areas.
    4. Influenced new ways of thinking in the social sciences.
  1. According to the philosophy of pragmatism, modern society, for guidance, should primarily rely on:
    1. Inherited ideals.
    2. Scientific inquiry.
    3. Moral principles.
    4. Religious beliefs.
  1. Which of the following trends in American education did not take place in the latter nineteenth century?
    1. The spread of universal free public education.
    2. Passage by states of compulsory attendance laws.
    3. Rapid proliferation of colleges across the nation.
    4. Increased emphasis on the classical curriculum at the university level.

 

True/False

Chapter 16

      1. As late as 1900, the Far West remained essentially outside America’s capitalist economy.

  1. Except in warfare, American Indian tribal culture made little distinction between the genders in family and work roles.
  2. Although most historians have previously treated the bison (buffalo) as critical to Plains Indian culture prior to the 1880s, recent anthropological work has revealed that this is a myth and that the bison was actually relatively unimportant for these tribes.
  3. Prior to the arrival of significant numbers of English-speaking settlers, an elite of large landowning Hispanics dominated life in New Mexico.
  4. A barrio was a Mexican American who cooperated with Anglo settlers and often supervised poor farm workers.
  5. "Coolies" were Chinese indentured servants whose status was close to slavery.
  6. In the late nineteenth century, most California residents favored increased Chinese immigration because there was a labor shortage and the Chinese would work cheaply.
  7. The Timber Culture Act, Desert Land Act, and Timber and Stone Act provided avenues for westerns to acquire larger tracts of land than were allowed under the Homestead Act.
  8. By 1900 all of the present states except Alaska, Hawaii, and Utah had been admitted to the Union.
  9. The working class in the American West was racially diversifies and stratified.
  10. Vigilantes were groups of citizens in mining towns organized to enforce justice in the absence of official legal authority.
  11. Prostitution was common in the mining "boom towns".
  12. When the "long-drive" era began, there was an excess of cattle in Texas, so cowboys drove huge herds to rail centers in Louisiana, especially New Orleans, for shipment to the East.
  13. African-American cowboys who were given the least desirable trail assignments were often called "mavericks."
  14. Cattle ranchers often used the term "nester" to refer to farmers who settled on the range and fenced their fields.
  15. The text regards Frederick Jackson Turner’s thesis of the West as an empty, uncivilized frontier awaiting settlement and which was essentially settled by 1890 as the best explanation for the region’s transformation.
  16. Although the Bureau of Indian Affairs was chronically underfunded and understaffed, the reform-minded whites who ran it established a solid reputation for honesty, efficiency, and sincere concern for the well-being of the Native Americans they served.
  17. On the West Coast, in California in particular, whites sometimes hunted down Indians and killed them without provocation.
  18. Although small, the Nez Pierce tribe was composed of particularly effective warriors who engaged in raids throughout the southern plains until Chief Joseph was finally captured in 1877.
  19. The first transcontinental railroad was completed shortly before the beginning of the Civil War, but due to wartime disruption the railroad did not carry much traffic until the end of the 1860s.

    Chapter 17
  20. The principal use of petroleum in the late nineteenth century was as oil for lubrication of machines rather than for fuel.
  21. The early steel industry concentrated in western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio because iron ore and coal deposits were abundant in that are.
  22. Charles and Frank Duryea are credited with developing the most efficient method for mass production of steel.
  23. Many Americans were reluctant to incest in corporations in the late nineteenth century because if the corporation went bankrupt the creditors of the corporation had a legal claim to all the personal assets of the investor.
  24. John D. Rockefeller began building Standard Oil by concentrating on the refining stage of the petroleum industry.
  25. Although the term "trust" technically referred to a specific form of business organization, the term came to be generally applied to any great economic combination.
  26. In the developing economy of the late nineteenth century, the majority of the business tycoons personified the "rags-to-riches" rise to wealth and power.
  27. The theory of Social Darwinism argued that great concentrations of wealth in the late nineteenth century violated the principles of evolution and that a great economic collapse was inevitable.
  28. The "Gospel of Wealth" referred to the idea that the rich had a responsibility to use their money to promote social well-being.
  29. In the late nineteenth century, the economy fluctuated erratically with a series of recessions, starting in 1873 and leading to the biggest recession in 1893.
  30. Although there were significant problems facing workers and there were many areas of poverty, the average standard of living for the American worker increased during the late nineteenth century.
  31. Most European immigrants who came to the United States up to the 1880s arrived from northern Europe and the British Isles, but by 1900 southern and eastern Europeans dominated.
  32. In general, railroads, mining companies, and industrial employers tried to discourage the immigration of workers from Europe.
  33. Because most industrial work required mechanical skills and body strength, few women and children were employed in factories in late-nineteenth-century American.
  34. The American Federation of Labor stressed the idea of "one big union" for all workers, while the Knights of Labor was a coalition of individual craft unions.
  35. Molly Maguire founded the Women’s Trade Union League, over opposition from the major male union.
  36. Samuel Gompers was the leader of the American Federation of Labor for almost forty years.
  37. The Haymarket affair increased fears of " anarchism" among middle class Americans.
  38. Although unions lost most strikes in the 1890s, the labor victory in the Pullman strike led to a rapid increase in union membership.
  39. The steady influx of new immigrants from Europe was a source of stability and strength for the labor-union movement.

    Chapter 18
  40. The 1920 census was the first one in which a majority of the American population lived in "urban" areas of 2,500 or more residents.
  41. Most of the European immigrants who came to American cities from 1860 to 1910 came from rural backgrounds.
  42. Urban black males in the late nineteenth century usually held skilled industrial jobs.
  43. The "streetcar suburbs" of Boston and other northeastern cities mainly provided cheap housing for low-paid factory workers and domestics.
  44. Jacob Riis was a newspaper reporter and photographer who exposed the wretched conditions in the slums of New York.
  45. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, large-scale popular baseball was professionalized, whereas big-time football remained a college and university activity.
  46. The political bosses and the machines they operated were usually popular with the people in the poor and working-class neighborhoods of the large cities.
  47. Realist novelists tended to explore and write about the seamy side of urban life.
  48. "Yellow journalism" referred to breezy magazines that printed family-oriented fare and avoided reminding their readers of poverty, scandal, or political controversy.
  49. The "Armory Show" was a major event in the development of the nation’s technology.
  50. Darwin’s theories were opposed by all organized Christian religious groups.
  51. Because of the lack of private schools available, the South led the nation in the establishment of tax-supported public schools for all children.
  52. By granting large amounts of land to state governments, the federal government encouraged states to establish universities and colleges that would emphasize practical learning, especially in agriculture and mechanics.
  53. "Local color" writers concentrated on the racial issues that troubled America.
  54. Minstrel shows were local classical groups that laid the groundwork for the emergence of serious symphony orchestras in the early twentieth century.
  55. D. W. Griffith was a pioneer in the production of motion pictures.
  56. William Randolph Hearst was the founder of the "reform" movement within Judaism.
  57. John Dewey stressed reforming education to place less emphasis on rote learning of traditional knowledge and more on a flexible approach that would prepare students to be effective citizens who could deal with the realities of society.
  58. The Carlisle School was one of the first post-secondary institutions to admit African Americans.
  59. The rise of "coeducation" in public colleges and universities in the late nineteenth century led to a marked decline in the number and influence of women’s colleges in the period.